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PackTrends
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sustainability & ethics
be implanted in four years after the publication of
that law.
The elaboration of the State and municipal solid waste
plans will rule two years after the publication of the Law
number 12305.
The decree number 7404 from September 23th, 2010,
extends the need for implementation of reverse logistics
systems to products commercialized in plastic, metallic
or glass packages. That extension must be checked
by the orienting committee, which created five Theme
Technical Groups (TTG), among them the Packages TTG.
The Packages TTG is coordinated by the Ministry of
Environment and it is formed by federal and State
organs and entities from civil society sectors such as
the National Confederation of the Industry (NCI), the
Entrepreneurial Commitment for Recycling (Cempre),
Brazilian Society of Packaging (Abre), Brazilian
Technical Association of the Automatic Industries of
Glass (Abividro), Brazilian Association of the Plastic
Industry (Abiplast), Brazilian Association of paper
and Cellulose (Bracelpa), Brazilian Association of the
Chemistry Industry (Abiquim), among others.
The Feb/2012 tender for Calling for the elaboration
of a sectorial agreement for the implementation of
reverse logistics system of packages in general was
published on July 4
th
, 2012. Over that tender, the
package manufacturers, importers, suppliers and
vendors shall build and implement a reverse logistics
system for package returning after the product use by
the consumer, with the participation of the municipal
public service titular of urban cleaning and urban solid
residues handling, from the cooperatives and pickers’
association and from recycling companies. The time for
presenting the sectorial agreement proposals was 180
days, hence limiting the deadline to January 4
th
, 2013.
Progressive goals have been created for reduction of the
dried recyclable residues based on the 2013’s national
characterization: 22% until 2015, 28% until 2019,
34% until 2023, 40% until 2029 and 45% until 2031
(GARCIA, 2012a).
The first “LCA proto studies” are from the 70’s
and 80’s, although back in those times there was no
naming formalization. According to Walter Klöpffer
(2006), Bill Franklin and Bob Hunt can be considered
as the inventors of the LCA, developing those “proto
studies”. Those studies were conducted by the
Midwest Research Institute and called Resource and
Environmental Profile Analysis (REPA), according to
Hunt and Franklin (1996). The methodology idea is
attributed to Harry Teasley, whom, back in that time,
worked for Coca-Cola, which was the financer of the
first REPA study, in 1996. The study was aimed at
compare the natural resources consumption and the
emission of different types of packages for soft drinks
(GARCIA, 2002). The company Franklin Associates was
born from the REPA working group and is still going
over similar studies. Both energy and the package have
been central topics for those given studies mainly due
to the petroleum crisis and the rising problems of waste
disposal. At the end of the 80’s, the companies Procter
& Gamble and Tetra Pak met up and hired research
institutions (Battelle, Fraunhofer, EMPA, CML) and
groups specialized in LCA (Franklin, Écobilan) under
coordination of the Society of Environmental Toxicology
7.2 THE TOOL FOR LIFE CYCLE EVALUATION
The first LCA (Life Cycle Assessments) Studies